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  1. Armed conflict from 1963 to 1966

    The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (simply known as Konfrontasi in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from Indonesia 's opposition to the creation of the state of Malaysia from the Federation of Malaya.
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation
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    The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (simply known as Konfrontasi in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from Indonesia 's opposition to the creation of the state of Malaysia from the Federation of Malaya.
    But the formation of Malaysia was precarious and the young state fought a small undeclared war to preserve its sovereignty known as the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation or Konfrontasi. The Konfrontasi was a small-scale military conflict involving Malaysia and Indonesia.
    Indonesia under President Sukarno opposed the formation of Malaysia, which Sukarno saw as a British strategy, covertly supported by the United States, to contain Indonesia’s geopolitical ambitions in the region. The Philippines was also against the formation of Malaysia given its claims on parts of Sabah.
    Following the TNKU's military setback in Brunei, on 20 January 1963 Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio announced that Indonesia would pursue a policy of Konfrontasi with Malaysia, reversing Indonesia's previous policy of compliance with the British proposal.
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    The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (simply known as Konfrontasi in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from Indonesia's opposition to the creation of the state of Malaysia from the Federation of Malaya. After … See more

    Political situation
    Before Konfrontasi, Sukarno sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the annexation of See more

    Counter-measures image
    Aftermath image

    Command arrangements
    In early January 1963, the military forces in northern Borneo, having arrived in December 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt, were under … See more

    Conflict image
    Overview image

    Beginning of hostilities
    Sukarno's motives for beginning the Confrontation are contested. Former Indonesian Foreign … See more

    The conflict lasted nearly four years; however, following General Suharto's replacement of Sukarno, Indonesian interest in pursuing … See more

    • Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Zed Books. ISBN 9781842773697.
    • Cain, Frank (1997). Menzies in War and Peace. St Leonards, … See more

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